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Major adverse cardiovascular events. Major adverse cardiovascular events ( MACE, or major adverse cardiac events) is a composite endpoint frequently used in cardiovascular research. [1] [2] Despite widespread use of the term in clinical trials, the definitions of MACE can differ, which makes comparison of similar studies difficult.
Biomarker (medicine) In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological ...
Biomarker. In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues [1] to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. [2]
Imaging biomarker. An imaging biomarker is a biologic feature, or biomarker detectable in an image. [1] In medicine, an imaging biomarker is a feature of an image relevant to a patient's diagnosis. For example, a number of biomarkers are frequently used to determine risk of lung cancer. First, a simple lesion in the lung detected by X-ray, CT ...
Relative risk is used in the statistical analysis of the data of ecological, cohort, medical and intervention studies, to estimate the strength of the association between exposures (treatments or risk factors) and outcomes. [2] Mathematically, it is the incidence rate of the outcome in the exposed group, , divided by the rate of the unexposed ...
Case fatality rate. In epidemiology, case fatality rate ( CFR) – or sometimes more accurately case-fatality risk – is the proportion of people who have been diagnosed with a certain disease and end up dying of it. Unlike a disease's mortality rate, the CFR does not take into account the time period between disease onset and death.
A set of consistent rules (or weights) that assign a numerical value ("points") to each risk factor that reflect our estimation of underlying risk. A formula (typically a simple sum of all accumulated points) that calculates the score. A set of thresholds that helps to translate the calculated score into a level of risk, or an equivalent ...
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. [ 1] For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to many study ...