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Dead reckoning. The navigator plots their 9 a.m. position, indicated by the triangle, and, using their course and speed, estimates their own position at 9:30 and 10 a.m. In navigation, dead reckoning is the process of calculating the current position of a moving object by using a previously determined position, or fix, and incorporating ...
Comoving distance and proper distance. Comoving distance is the distance between two points measured along a path defined at the present cosmological time. For objects moving with the Hubble flow, it is deemed to remain constant in time. The comoving distance from an observer to a distant object (e.g. galaxy) can be computed by the following ...
Δ λ = λ 2 − λ 1 {\displaystyle \Delta \lambda =\lambda _ {2}-\lambda _ {1}} . Finally, the haversine function hav (θ), applied above to both the central angle θ and the differences in latitude and longitude, is. The haversine function computes half a versine of the angle θ, or the squares of half chord of the angle on a unit circle ...
Spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ)}} as commonly used: (ISO 80000-2:2019): radial distance r (slant distance to origin), polar angle θ (angle with respect to positive polar axis), and azimuthal angle φ (angle of rotation from the initial meridian plane). This is the convention followed in this article.
The United States National Grid (USNG) is a multi-purpose location system of grid references used in the United States. It provides a nationally consistent "language of location", optimized for local applications, in a compact, user friendly format. It is similar in design to the national grid reference systems used in other countries.
Vincenty's formulae. Vincenty's formulae are two related iterative methods used in geodesy to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a spheroid, developed by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975a). They are based on the assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a ...
The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path between the two points on the surface of the sphere. (By comparison, the shortest path passing through the sphere's interior is the chord between ...
The coordinate time is the time that would be read on a hypothetical "coordinate clock" situated infinitely far from all gravitational masses (=), and stationary in the system of coordinates (=). The exact relation between the rate of proper time and the rate of coordinate time for a clock with a radial component of velocity is: