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The global average exposure of humans to ionizing radiation is about 3 mSv (0.3 rem) per year, 80% of which comes from nature. The remaining 20% results from exposure to human-made radiation sources, primarily from medical imaging. Average human-made exposure is much higher in developed countries, mostly due to CT scans and nuclear medicine.
Ronald Reagan entered the presidency with an unemployment rate of 7.3% and it peaked at 10.6% in December 1982. The United States had a negative gross domestic product growth in 1982. [5] The Republicans performed poorly in the 1982 elections.
Negative number. This thermometer is indicating a negative Fahrenheit temperature (−4 °F). In mathematics, a negative number represents an opposite. [ 1] In the real number system, a negative number is a number that is less than zero. Negative numbers are often used to represent the magnitude of a loss or deficiency.
Moseley's law is an empirical law concerning the characteristic X-rays emitted by atoms. The law had been discovered and published by the English physicist Henry Moseley in 1913–1914. [1] [2] Until Moseley's work, "atomic number" was merely an element's place in the periodic table and was not known to be associated with any measurable ...
Negative: light will toughen the resist and create an etch resistant mask. To explain this in graphical form you may have a graph on Log exposure energy versus fraction of resist thickness remaining. The positive resist will be completely removed at the final exposure energy and the negative resist will be completely hardened and insoluble by ...
The elementary charge e, i.e. the negative charge on a single electron or the positive charge on a single proton: 10 −18: atto-(aC) ~ 1.8755 × 10 −18 C: Planck charge: 10 −17: 1.473 × 10 −17 C (92 e) – Positive charge on a uranium nucleus (derived: 92 x 1.602 × 10 −19 C) 10 −16: 1.344 × 10 −16 C: Charge on a dust particle in ...
Cygnus X-3 is a high-mass X-ray binary ( HMXB ), one of the stronger binary X-ray sources in the sky. It is often considered to be a microquasar, and it is believed to be a compact object in a binary system which is pulling in a stream of gas from an ordinary star companion. It is one of only two known HMXBs containing a Wolf–Rayet star.
In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization [1] [2] is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside. Depolarization is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology ...