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A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries to protect against electrical overload, overcharging, and may protect against overvoltage. [1] [2] This prevents conditions that reduce battery performance or lifespan and may pose a safety risk.
An electric current is a flow of charged particles, [1] [2] [3] such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface. [4] : 2 [5] : 622 The moving particles are called charge carriers, which may be one of several types of particles, depending on ...
All four plots use the passive sign convention. A current–voltage characteristic or I–V curve (current–voltage curve) is a relationship, typically represented as a chart or graph, between the electric current through a circuit, device, or material, and the corresponding voltage, or potential difference, across it.
Diffusion current is a current in a semiconductor caused by the diffusion of charge carriers ( electrons and/or electron holes ). This is the current which is due to the transport of charges occurring because of non-uniform concentration of charged particles in a semiconductor. The drift current, by contrast, is due to the motion of charge ...
The saturation current (or scale current ), more accurately the reverse saturation current, is the part of the reverse current in a semiconductor diode caused by diffusion of minority carriers from the neutral regions to the depletion region. This current is almost independent of the reverse voltage. [1] The reverse bias saturation current for ...
Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here. [62]
State of charge. State of charge ( SoC) quantifies the remaining capacity available in a battery at a given time and in relation to a given state of ageing. [1] It is usually expressed as percentage (0% = empty; 100% = full). An alternative form of the same measure is the depth of discharge ( DoD), calculated as 1 − SoC (100% = empty; 0% = full).
A view of the Eiffel Tower at Trocadero during the opening ceremony of the Paris Olympics on July 26, 2024. Credit - Kevin Voigt—Getty Images. The Paris Summer Olympics opening ceremony has ...