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Negative refraction. Negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for (electric) permittivity ...
Scientists. v. t. e. Earnshaw's theorem states that a collection of point charges cannot be maintained in a stable stationary equilibrium configuration solely by the electrostatic interaction of the charges. This was first proven by British mathematician Samuel Earnshaw in 1842. It is usually cited in reference to magnetic fields, but was first ...
The mass-to-charge ratio ( m / Q) is a physical quantity relating the mass (quantity of matter) and the electric charge of a given particle, expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb (kg/C). It is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles, e.g. in electron optics and ion optics .
All that is left is the constant term −1/12, and the negative sign of this result reflects the fact that the Casimir force is attractive. [ 20 ] A similar calculation is involved in three dimensions, using the Epstein zeta-function in place of the Riemann zeta function.
The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by ,[ 1] is a fundamental physical constant [ 1] of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon 's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.
The electric charge Q, third component of weak isospin T 3 (also called T z, I 3 or I z) and weak hypercharge Y W are related by = +, (or by the alternative convention Q = T 3 + Y W). The first convention, used in this article, is equivalent to the earlier Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula. It makes the hypercharge be twice the average charge of a ...
Squared triangular number. A square whose side length is a triangular number can be partitioned into squares and half-squares whose areas add to cubes. From Gulley (2010). The nth coloured region shows n squares of dimension n by n (the rectangle is 1 evenly divided square), hence the area of the nth region is n times n x n.
1 × 10 −3 C: Charge in typical power supply capacitors [citation needed] 2.1 × 10 −3 C: Charge in CH85-2100-105 high voltage capacitor for microwaves: 10 0: C: 1 × 10 0 C: Two like charges, each of 1 C, placed one meter apart, would experience a repulsive force of approximately 9 × 10 9 N: 3.16 × 10 0 C: Supercapacitor for real-time ...