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  2. Birefringence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence

    Comparison of positive and negative birefringence : In positive birefringence (figure 1), the ordinary ray (p-polarisation in this case w.r.t. magenta-coloured plane of incidence), perpendicular to optic axis A is the fast ray (F) while the extraordinary ray (s-polarisation in this case and parallel to optic axis A) is the slow ray (S).

  3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron...

    XPS physics - the photoelectric effect.. Because the energy of an X-ray with particular wavelength is known (for Al K α X-rays, E photon = 1486.7 eV), and because the emitted electrons' kinetic energies are measured, the electron binding energy of each of the emitted electrons can be determined by using the photoelectric effect equation,

  4. Anode ray - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode_ray

    The positive ions are all attracted to the negative cathode, and some pass through the holes in the cathode. These are the anode rays. By the time they reach the cathode, the ions have been accelerated to a sufficient speed such that when they collide with other atoms or molecules in the gas they excite the species to a higher energy level. In ...

  5. Speed of light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_Light

    For example, for visible light, the refractive index of glass is typically around 1.5, meaning that light in glass travels at ⁠ c / 1.5 ⁠ ≈ 200 000 km/s (124 000 mi/s); the refractive index of air for visible light is about 1.0003, so the speed of light in air is about 90 km/s (56 mi/s) slower than c.

  6. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray...

    Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA or EDAX) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. It relies on an interaction of some source of X-ray excitation and ...

  7. Beta particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle

    The kinetic energy of the electron varies with an average of approximately 0.5 MeV and the remainder of the energy is carried by the nearly undetectable electron antineutrino. In comparison to other beta radiation-emitting nuclides, the electron is moderately energetic.

  8. Break My Soul - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_My_Soul

    "Break My Soul" is a song by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé. It was released on June 20, 2022, through Parkwood Entertainment and Columbia Records as the lead single from her seventh studio album, Renaissance (2022).

  9. Golden Hour (song) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hour_(song)

    [1] Erica Campbell of NME called the song a "glittery ballad", and a "slow-burn love song, brimming with keys and strings". [2] George Griffiths of the Official Charts Company described the song as a "tender piano ballad with a succinct hip-hop influence, that sees JVKE recount the hopeful blossoming of a relationship." [3]