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The water fluoridation controversy arises from political, ethical, economic, and health considerations regarding the fluoridation of public water supplies . For deprived groups in both maturing and matured countries, international and national agencies and dental associations across the world support the safety and effectiveness of water ...
With rising demand, the quality and supply of water have diminished. [7] Water use has been increasing worldwide by about 1% per year since the 1980s. Global water demand is expected to continue increasing at a similar rate until 2050, accounting for an increase of 20–30% above 2019 usage levels. [6]
Financing. Out of the $4.7 billion of investments in water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa, 70% is financed internally and only 30% is financed externally (2001-2005 average). Most of the internal financing is household self-finance ($2.1bn), which is primarily for on-site sanitation such as pit latrines.
In 2009, 23 water supply systems obtained the Blue Drop certification. In 2010, 9 lost it and 24 gained it for the first time, bringing the total to 38 (less than 5 percent) out of 787 systems that were assessed. The three top performers were Johannesburg, Cape Town and the small town of Bitou. [39] [40] Water supply is increasingly under pressure.
Water privatization has a variable history in which its popularity and favorability has fluctuated in the market and politics. One of the common forms of privatization is public–private partnerships (PPPs). [ 1] PPPs allow for a mix between public and private ownership and/or management of water and sanitation sources and infrastructure.
Water efficiency is the practice of reducing water consumption by measuring the amount of water required for a particular purpose and is proportionate to the amount of essential water used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Water efficiency differs from water conservation in that it focuses on reducing waste, not restricting use. [ 3 ]