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  2. Negative refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_refraction

    Negative refraction. Negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for (electric) permittivity ...

  3. Color charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

    Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue.

  4. Charged particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_particle

    In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge. For example, some elementary particles, like the electron or quarks are charged. [1] Some composite particles like protons are charged particles. An ion, such as a molecule or atom with a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to protons are also charged particles.

  5. CHARGE syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHARGE_syndrome

    CHARGE syndrome (formerly known as CHARGE association) is a rare syndrome caused by a genetic disorder. First described in 1979, the acronym "CHARGE" came into use for newborn children with the congenital features of c oloboma of the eye, h eart defects , a tresia of the nasal choanae , r estricted growth and/or development , g enital and/or ...

  6. Four-current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-current

    Electromagnetism. In special and general relativity, the four-current (technically the four-current density) [1] is the four-dimensional analogue of the current density, with units of charge per unit time per unit area. Also known as vector current, it is used in the geometric context of four-dimensional spacetime, rather than separating time ...

  7. Orders of magnitude (charge) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(charge)

    Typical alkaline AA battery is about 5000 C ≈ 1.4 A⋅h: 10 4 ~ 9.65 × 10 4 C: Charge on one mole of electrons (Faraday constant) 10 5: 1.8 × 10 5 C: Automotive battery charge. 50Ah = 1.8 × 10 5 C: 10 6: mega-(MC) 10.72 × 10 6 C: Charge needed to produce 1 kg of aluminium from bauxite in an electrolytic cell: 10 7: 10 8: 5.9 × 10 8 C

  8. Charge-transfer complex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-transfer_complex

    In chemistry, charge-transfer ( CT) complex, or electron donor-acceptor complex, describes a type of supramolecular assembly of two or more molecules or ions. The assembly consists of two molecules that self-attract through electrostatic forces, i.e., one has at least partial negative charge and the partner has partial positive charge, referred ...

  9. Negative hyperconjugation in silicon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_hyperconjugation...

    Negative hyperconjugation is a theorized phenomenon in organosilicon compounds, in which hyperconjugation stabilizes or destabilizes certain accumulations of positive charge. The phenomenon explains corresponding peculiarities in the stereochemistry and rate of hydrolysis. Second-row elements generally stabilize adjacent carbanions more ...