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The mass-to-charge ratio ( m / Q) is a physical quantity relating the mass (quantity of matter) and the electric charge of a given particle, expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb (kg/C). It is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles, e.g. in electron optics and ion optics .
C-symmetry. In physics, charge conjugation is a transformation that switches all particles with their corresponding antiparticles, thus changing the sign of all charges: not only electric charge but also the charges relevant to other forces. The term C-symmetry is an abbreviation of the phrase "charge conjugation symmetry", and is used in ...
In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter (or, more simply, a coupling ), is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction. Originally, the coupling constant related the force acting between two static bodies to the "charges" of the bodies (i.e. the electric charge for electrostatic and the mass ...
Lepton number is an additive quantum number, so its sum is preserved in interactions (as opposed to multiplicative quantum numbers such as parity, where the product is preserved instead). The lepton number is defined by where. n ℓ {\displaystyle n_ {\ell }\quad } is the number of leptons and. n ℓ ¯ {\displaystyle n_ {\overline {\ell }}\quad }
Electric charge is a conserved property: the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms.
Charge number (denoted z) is a quantized and dimensionless quantity derived from electric charge, with the quantum of electric charge being the elementary charge ( e, constant). The charge number equals the electric charge ( q, in coulombs) divided by the elementary charge: z = q / e. Atomic numbers ( Z) are a special case of charge numbers ...
Ion transport number. In chemistry, ion transport number, also called the transference number, is the fraction of the total electric current carried in an electrolyte by a given ionic species i: [1] Differences in transport number arise from differences in electrical mobility. For example, in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, less than ...
Surface charge. A surface charge is an electric charge present on a two-dimensional surface. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m −2 ), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a ...