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The Geiger–Müller tube or G–M tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the detection of ionizing radiation. It is named after Hans Geiger, who invented the principle in 1908, [1] and Walther Müller, who collaborated with Geiger in developing the technique further in 1928 to produce a practical tube that could ...
Cathode ray. A beam of cathode rays in a vacuum tube bent into a circle by a magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil. Cathode rays are normally invisible; in this demonstration Teltron tube, enough gas has been left in the tube for the gas atoms to luminesce when struck by the fast-moving electrons. Cathode rays or electron beams ( e-beam ...
The anode is the electrode at the bottom. A Crookes tube (also Crookes–Hittorf tube) [1] is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, with partial vacuum, invented by English physicist William Crookes [2] and others around 1869–1875, [3] in which cathode rays, streams of electrons, were discovered. [4]
Anode ray. Anode ray tube showing the rays passing through the perforated cathode and causing the pink glow above it. An anode ray (also positive ray or canal ray) is a beam of positive ions that is created by certain types of gas-discharge tubes. They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen ...
Photomultiplier tubes ( photomultipliers or PMTs for short) are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are members of the class of vacuum tubes, more specifically vacuum phototubes. These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as ...
[1] [2] The cathode is heated to a temperature that causes electrons to be 'boiled off' of its surface into the evacuated space in the tube, a process called thermionic emission. [1] There are two types of hot cathodes: [1] Directly heated cathode In this type, the filament itself is the cathode, emits the electrons directly and is coated in ...
The first four partial sums of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯.The parabola is their smoothed asymptote; its y-intercept is −1/12. [1]The infinite series whose terms ...
Kundt's tube is an experimental acoustical apparatus invented in 1866 by German physicist August Kundt [1] [2] for the measurement of the speed of sound in a gas or a solid rod. The experiment is still taught today due to its ability to demonstrate longitudinal waves in a gas (which can often be difficult to visualise).