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A shunt charge controller or shunt regulator diverts excess electricity to an auxiliary or "shunt" load, such as an electric water heater, when batteries are full. [ 7 ] Simple charge controllers stop charging a battery when they exceed a set high voltage level, and re-enable charging when battery voltage drops back below that level.
Maximum power point tracking ( MPPT ), [ 1][ 2] or sometimes just power point tracking ( PPT ), [ 3][ 4] is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary [ 5]. The technique is most commonly used with photovoltaic (PV) solar systems but can also be used with wind turbines, optical power ...
Thermodynamics. [edit] The electrolysis of water in standard conditions requires a theoretical minimum of 237 kJ of electrical energy input to dissociate each mole of water, which is the standard Gibbs free energyof formation of water. It also requires thermal energy to balance the change in entropy of the reaction.
Voltage multiplier. Villard cascade voltage multiplier. A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage, typically using a network of capacitors and diodes . Voltage multipliers can be used to generate a few volts for electronic appliances, to millions of volts for ...
In control theory, a bang–bang controller ( hysteresis, 2 step or on–off controller), is a feedback controller that switches abruptly between two states. These controllers may be realized in terms of any element that provides hysteresis. They are often used to control a plant that accepts a binary input, for example a furnace that is either ...
A mass flow controller ( MFC) is a device used to measure and control the flow of liquids and gases. [1] A mass flow controller is designed and calibrated to control a specific type of liquid or gas at a particular range of flow rates. The MFC can be given a setpoint from 0 to 100% of its full scale range but is typically operated in the 10 to ...
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) equipment needs a control system to regulate the operation of a heating and/or air conditioning system. Usually a sensing device is used to compare the actual state (e.g. temperature) with a target state. Then the control system draws a conclusion what action has to be taken (e.g. start the blower).
Float voltage is the voltage at which a battery is maintained after being fully charged to maintain that capacity by compensating for self-discharge of the battery. [1] The voltage could be held constant for the entire duration of the cell's operation (such as in an automotive battery) or could be held for a particular phase of charging by the charger. [2]