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In organic chemistry, negative hyperconjugation is the donation of electron density from a filled π- or p-orbital to a neighboring σ * -orbital. [1] This phenomenon, a type of resonance, can stabilize the molecule or transition state. [2] It also causes an elongation of the σ-bond by adding electron density to its antibonding orbital.
Partial charge. In atomic physics, a partial charge (or net atomic charge) is a non- integer charge value when measured in elementary charge units. It is represented by the Greek lowercase delta (𝛿), namely 𝛿− or 𝛿+. Partial charges are created due to the asymmetric distribution of electrons in chemical bonds.
A negative-index metamaterial causes light to refract, or bend, differently than in more common positive-index materials such as glass lenses. Negative-index metamaterial or negative-index material ( NIM) is a metamaterial whose refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range. [1]
A plasma is a collection of charged particles, atomic nuclei and separated electrons, but can also be a gas containing a significant proportion of charged particles. Charged particles are labeled as either positive (+) or negative (-). The designations are arbitrary. Nothing is inherent to a positively charged particle that makes it "positive ...
All that is left is the constant term −1/12, and the negative sign of this result reflects the fact that the Casimir force is attractive. ... why 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ...
e. The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectricity, triboelectric charging, triboelectrification, or tribocharging) describes electric charge transfer between two objects when they contact or slide against each other. It can occur with different materials, such as the sole of a shoe on a carpet, or between two pieces of the same material.
Ion transport number. In chemistry, ion transport number, also called the transference number, is the fraction of the total electric current carried in an electrolyte by a given ionic species i: [1] Differences in transport number arise from differences in electrical mobility. For example, in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, less than ...
In particle physics and nuclear physics, the branching fraction (or branching ratio) for a decay is the fraction of particles which decay by an individual decay mode or with respect to the total number of particles which decay. It applies to either the radioactive decay of atoms or the decay of elementary particles. [1]