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A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries to protect against electrical overload, overcharging, and may protect against overvoltage. [1] [2] This prevents conditions that reduce battery performance or lifespan and may pose a safety risk.
Protection circuit module (PCM) is a simpler alternative to BMS. [3] A battery pack built together with a battery management system with an external communication data bus is a smart battery pack. A smart battery pack must be charged by a smart battery charger. [1] [4]
Charge pumps can double voltages, triple voltages, halve voltages, invert voltages, fractionally multiply or scale voltages (such as × 3 ⁄ 2, × 4 ⁄ 3, × 2 ⁄ 3, etc.) and generate arbitrary voltages by quickly alternating between modes, depending on the controller and circuit topology.
The charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to safely adjust the charging current and voltage, determine the state of charge, and cut off at the end of charge. Chargers may elevate the output voltage proportionally with current to compensate for impedance in the wires.
Smart battery controller integrated circuits are available. Linear Technology manufactures, such as the LTC4100, [5] or the LTC4101, [6] are Smart Battery System-compatible products. Microchip Technology provides an application note for a smart battery charger based on the PIC16C73. [7]
Power/Voltage-curve of a partially shaded PV system, with marked local and global MPP. Maximum power point tracking ( MPPT ), [ 1][ 2] or sometimes just power point tracking ( PPT ), [ 3][ 4] is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary [ 5]. The technique is most commonly used with ...