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  2. Stopping power (particle radiation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_power_(particle...

    The stopping power of the material is numerically equal to the loss of energy E per unit path length, x: = / The minus sign makes S positive. Bragg curve of 5.49 MeV alpha particles in air. The force usually increases toward the end of range and reaches a maximum, the Bragg peak, shortly before the energy drops to zero

  3. Linear energy transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer

    Linear energy transfer. Diffusion cloud chamber with tracks of ionizing radiation (alpha particles) that are made visible as strings of droplets. In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It describes the action of radiation into matter.

  4. Negative refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_refraction

    Negative refraction. Negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for (electric) permittivity ...

  5. Flash memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory

    The degradation increases the amount of negative charge in the cell over time due to trapped electrons in the oxide and negates some of the control gate voltage, this over time also makes erasing the cell slower, so to maintain the performance and reliability of the NAND chip, the cell must be retired from use.

  6. Synchrotron radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation

    Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung radiation) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when relativistic charged particles are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity ( a ⊥ v ). It is produced artificially in some types of particle accelerators or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic ...

  7. Triboelectric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect

    e. The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectricity, triboelectric charging, triboelectrification, or tribocharging) describes electric charge transfer between two objects when they contact or slide against each other. It can occur with different materials, such as the sole of a shoe on a carpet, or between two pieces of the same material.

  8. US says 51 million air bag inflators pose safety risks ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/us-agency-stands-decision-51...

    WASHINGTON (Reuters) -A U.S. regulator said on Wednesday it still believes that air bag inflators in 49 million U.S. vehicles assembled by 13 automakers pose serious safety risks and it is ...

  9. Atmospheric electricity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity

    Atmospheric electricity describes the electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet ). The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Atmospheric electricity is an interdisciplinary topic with a long history, involving ...