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Negative refraction. Negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for (electric) permittivity ...
X. 0. In particle physics, the X and Y bosons (sometimes collectively called " X bosons " [1] : 437 ) are hypothetical elementary particles analogous to the W and Z bosons, but corresponding to a unified force predicted by the Georgi–Glashow model, a grand unified theory (GUT). Since the X and Y boson mediate the grand unified force, they ...
Canonical commutation relation. In quantum mechanics, the canonical commutation relation is the fundamental relation between canonical conjugate quantities (quantities which are related by definition such that one is the Fourier transform of another). For example,
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, it is possible to expand the polynomial (x + y) n into a sum involving terms of the form ax b y c, where the exponents b and c are nonnegative integers with b + c = n, and the coefficient a of each term is a specific positive integer depending ...
Moseley's law. Moseley's law is an empirical law concerning the characteristic X-rays emitted by atoms. The law had been discovered and published by the English physicist Henry Moseley in 1913–1914. [1] [2] Until Moseley's work, "atomic number" was merely an element's place in the periodic table and was not known to be associated with any ...
Equivalent statement 1: x n + y n = z n, where integer n ≥ 3, has no non-trivial solutions x, y, z ∈ Z. The equivalence is clear if n is even. If n is odd and all three of x, y, z are negative, then we can replace x, y, z with −x, −y, −z to obtain a solution in N. If two of them are negative, it must be x and z or y and z.
atan2. atan2 (y, x) returns the angle θ between the positive x -axis and the ray from the origin to the point (x, y), confined to (−π, π]. Graph of over. In computing and mathematics, the function atan2 is the 2- argument arctangent. By definition, is the angle measure (in radians, with ) between the positive -axis and the ray from the ...
In mathematics, the ring of polynomial functions on a vector space V over a field k gives a coordinate-free analog of a polynomial ring. It is denoted by k [ V ]. If V is finite dimensional and is viewed as an algebraic variety, then k [ V] is precisely the coordinate ring of V . The explicit definition of the ring can be given as follows.