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Ion trap. An ion trap, used for precision measurements of radium ions, inside a vacuum chamber. View ports surrounding the chamber allow laser light to be directed into the trap. An ion trap is a combination of electric and/or magnetic fields used to capture charged particles — known as ions — often in a system isolated from an external ...
Trap emission is a multistep process wherein a carrier falls into defect-related wave states in the middle of the bandgap. A trap is a defect capable of holding a carrier. The trap emission process recombines electrons with holes and emits photons to conserve energy. Due to the multistep nature of trap emission, a phonon is also often emitted.
Trap (plumbing) Water seal in drain pipe under a sink. Water enters at right, fills the trap, and continues left. Inverted siphoning occurs below the line "A". In plumbing, a trap is a U-shaped portion of pipe designed to trap liquid or gas to prevent unwanted flow; most notably sewer gases from entering buildings while allowing waste materials ...
Neutrino detector. A neutrino detector is a physics apparatus which is designed to study neutrinos. Because neutrinos only weakly interact with other particles of matter, neutrino detectors must be very large to detect a significant number of neutrinos. Neutrino detectors are often built underground, to isolate the detector from cosmic rays and ...
Collision-induced dissociation ( CID ), also known as collisionally activated dissociation ( CAD ), is a mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase. [1] [2] The selected ions (typically molecular ions or protonated molecules) are usually accelerated by applying an electrical potential to increase the ...
Electron beam ion trap ( EBIT) is an electromagnetic bottle that produces and confines highly charged ions. An EBIT uses an electron beam focused with a powerful magnetic field to ionize atoms to high charge states by successive electron impact. It was invented by M. Levine and R. Marrs at LLNL and LBNL. [1]
Lattice energy. In chemistry, the lattice energy is the energy change upon formation of one mole of a crystalline ionic compound from its constituent ions, which are assumed to initially be in the gaseous state. It is a measure of the cohesive forces that bind ionic solids. The size of the lattice energy is connected to many other physical ...
The trap-forming hologram also can specify the mode structure of each trap individually, thereby creating arrays of optical vortices, optical tweezers, and holographic line traps, for example. [55] When implemented with a spatial light modulator , such holographic optical traps also can move objects in three dimensions. [ 56 ]