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The method of image charges (also known as the method of images and method of mirror charges) is a basic problem-solving tool in electrostatics.The name originates from the replacement of certain elements in the original layout with fictitious charges, which replicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see Dirichlet boundary conditions or Neumann boundary conditions).
Method of images. The method of images (or method of mirror images) is a mathematical tool for solving differential equations, in which boundary conditions are satisfied by combining a solution not restricted by the boundary conditions with its possibly weighted mirror image. Generally, original singularities are inside the domain of interest ...
Energy level. En = energy eigenvalue. n = principal quantum number. e = electron charge. me = electron rest mass. ε0 = permittivity of free space. h = Planck constant. E n = − m e 4 / 8 ε 0 2 h 2 n 2 = − 13.61 e V / n 2 {\displaystyle E_ {n}=-me^ {4}/8\varepsilon _ {0}^ {2}h^ {2}n^ {2}=-13.61\,\mathrm {eV} /n^ {2}}
Rutherford developed a mathematical equation that modeled how the foil should scatter the alpha particles if all the positive charge and most of the atomic mass was concentrated in a point at the center of an atom. s = the number of alpha particles falling on unit area at an angle of deflection Φ.
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such ...
Photoelectric effect. Photoemission of electrons from a metal plate accompanied by the absorption of light quanta – photons. The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons.
C-symmetry. In physics, charge conjugation is a transformation that switches all particles with their corresponding antiparticles, thus changing the sign of all charges: not only electric charge but also the charges relevant to other forces. The term C-symmetry is an abbreviation of the phrase "charge conjugation symmetry", and is used in ...
Abstract definition. Abstractly, a charge is any generator of a continuous symmetry of the physical system under study. When a physical system has a symmetry of some sort, Noether's theorem implies the existence of a conserved current. The thing that "flows" in the current is the "charge", the charge is the generator of the (local) symmetry group.